As a common disease in the digestive system, the incidence of cholecystolithiasis has been increasing in recent years. At present, the specific mechanism of cholecystolithiasis is not clear. Normal gallbladder is generally believed to be free of bacteria, and Gut microbiota also has its own steady state. Research shows that the imbalance of Gut microbiota plays an important role in the formation of cholecystolithiasis. This article reviews the relationship between the formation of cholesterol gallstones and pigment gallstones and Gut microbiota.