Studies have shown that hypertension is closely related to the changes of gastrointestinal microbiome. Host-microbial-microbial metabolites interact and influence with each other. These changes may lead to the activation of signal pathways and eventually affect the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases. These molecules may become targets for therapeutic applications. The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between gastrointestinal microbiome and blood pressure, and to summarize the current strategies for regulating the disorder of intestinal microflora based on the mechanism of intestinal microflora affecting blood pressure, so as to provide new ideas and vision for the development of antihypertensive drug targets.

Body fluid biopsy exhibits significant promise in prenatal diagnostics, post-organ transplantation immune rejection monitoring, early tumor detection, and liver diseases due to its distinct advantages over conventional invasive examinations. In the realm of liver diseases, circulating-free DNA not only mirrors hepatic function but potentially participates in the pathophysiological cascades of inflammation and coagulation alterations. The unique fragments within free DNA, coupled with methylation analysis, contribute to the early diagnosis of tumors and provide guidance for treatment strategies. Following organ transplantation, circulating-free DNA emerges as a pivotal marker for immune rejection reaction surveillance, offering a novel vantage point for scrutinizing rejection mechanisms. This article reviews the sources, extraction methods, and detection methods of free DNA, and the progress of its research application in liver transplantation, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver failure.

Organ fibrosis is a common pathological marker of a variety of chronic diseases. In this paper, under the background of the study of transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1) mediated classical pathway, the specific molecular mechanism of TGF-β1 induced fibrosis of various organs was summarized in combination with the interaction between inflammation and immune response, non-coding RNA(ncRNA) and signaling pathways.

Oxidative stress(OS) denotes the physiological and pathological response resulting from an imbalance between oxidation and antioxidation under the deleterious influence of internal and external stimuli. This imbalance leads to the accumulation of active oxygen free radicals and active nitrogen free radicals. OS serves as a crucial mechanism contributing to various acute and chronic diseases, as well as the aging process. As the visual organ of the human body, eyeball is consistently exposed to the external environment and undergoes robust metabolism, its structure is particularly susceptible to OS-induced damage, consequently giving rise to eye diseases. Therefore, this paper provides a comprehensive review of oxidative stress factors and their mechanisms in age-related eye diseases, elucidating the OS mechanisms prevalent in major senile eye diseases.