Sarcopenia is a geriatric syndrome characterized primarily by reduced muscle mass, decreased muscle strength, and impaired physical function. Its development involves multiple mechanisms, including dysregulated protein metabolism, chronic low-grade inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuromuscular degeneration, and abnormalities in the endocrine-nutritional milieu. In recent years, with the deepening of related research, intervention strategies for sarcopenia have gradually shifted from single approaches to multicomponent models combining nutrition, pharmacotherapy,and exercise. This review focuses on the mechanistic basis, commonly used diagnostic frameworks, and core outcome measures of sarcopenia in older adults, and systematically summarizes the main evidence regarding nutritional, pharmacological,and exercise interventions, with particular emphasis on the synergistic basis of combined interventions, representative clinical studies, and differences in application across populations. Current evidence indicates that resistance training remains the cornerstone of sarcopenia management in older adults. Protein or amino acid supplementation combined with resistance training appears to provide relatively more stable benefits in improving handgrip strength, certain physical performance outcomes, and muscle mass. Vitamin D and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are more suitable as adjunctive interventions, whereas pharmacological treatment is still largely in the exploratory stage, and consistent evidence for functional benefits remains lacking.Future research should further standardize diagnostic criteria and outcome measures, strengthen stratified research and longterm follow-up evaluation, and thereby promote the precision and standardization of combined intervention strategies for sarcopenia in older adults.

The intracellular tyrosine phosphatase SHP2, encoded by the protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 11(PTPN11) gene, serves as a core regulator of the RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) signaling pathway and is critically involved in key biological processes including cell growth, differentiation, and survival. Germline mutations in PTPN11 have been established as a major genetic etiology of Noonan syndrome and other developmental disorders. Over the past two decades, accumulating evidence has elucidated the role of PTPN11 in tumorigenesis. This review systematically summarizes the molecular structural features and core biological functions of PTPN11/SHP2, with a particular focus on its mutational profiles, expression patterns, clinical prognostic relevance, and potential mechanisms of action across multiple tumor types, including leukemia, melanoma, lung cancer, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, breast cancer, colorectal cancer,and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, we discuss recent advances in SHP2-targeted therapy and explore the synergistic effects of its combination with B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors. This review aims to provide a theoretical basis and future directions for the clinical translation of PTPN11/SHP2 as both a diagnostic biomarker and a therapeutic target in oncology.

Objective To explore the predictive value of P-wave peak time(PWPT), R-wave peak time(RWPT)combined with the V1-V3 transition index(V1-V3 TI) for recurrence in patients with atrial fibrillation(AF) after radiofrequency ablation, providing a reference for early clinical identification of patients at high risk of recurrence. Methods A total of130 AF patients who underwent radiofrequency ablation in the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nanchong Hospital of Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, from February 2022 to January 2025 were enrolled and followed up for12 months. According to the recurrence outcome, patients were divided into a recurrence group(42 cases) and a non-recurrence group(88 cases). Preoperative PWPT, RWPT, and V1-V3 TI were measured using an electrocardiograph. Clinical data and serum biomarker levels were compared between the two groups. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify independent risk factors for postoperative recurrence; relative risks were calculated to analyze the association between different indicator levels and recurrence; and receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curves were constructed to evaluate the predictive value of each indicator alone and in combination. Results The levels of PWPT, RWPT, and V1-V3 TI in the recurrence group were significantly higher than those in the non-recurrence group(t = 11.811, 9.868, 8.945, respectively; all P <0.001). The levels of PWPT, RWPT, and V1-V3 TI in the early-recurrence subgroup were significantly higher than those in the late-recurrence subgroup(t = 12.345, 11.876, 13.567, respectively; all P <0.001). Age, history of hypertension, type of AF, duration of AF, and hs-CRP showed no statistically significant differences in multivariate analysis(all P >0.05). Enlarged left atrial diameter(LAD), elevated BNP, prolonged PWPT, prolonged RWPT, and elevated V1-V3 TI were independent risk factors for recurrence after radiofrequency ablation in AF patients [OR(95%CI) = 2.678(1.432-4.998), 2.345(1.213-4.532), 3.125(1.789-5.482), 2.896(1.567-5.354), 3.452(1.987-6.013)], whereas higher left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF) was a protective factor [OR(95%CI) = 0.949(0.925-0.974)]. Relative risk analysis showed that the postoperative recurrence risks for patients with high levels of PWPT, RWPT, and V1-V3 TI were 1.796, 1.841, and 1.910 times higher, respectively, compared to those with low levels(χ2/P = 7.654/0.006, 6.892/0.009, 8.321/0.004). ROC curve analysis revealed that the area under the curve(AUC) for PWPT, RWPT, V1-V3 TI alone, and their combination for predicting recurrence after radiofrequency ablation in AF patients were 0.826, 0.798, 0.835, and 0.942, respectively. The combined model demonstrated significantly better predictive performance than any single indicator(Z/P = 3. 567/0. 001, 3. 892/0. 001, 3. 415/0. 001). Conclusion Prolonged PWPT,prolonged RWPT, and elevated V1-V3 TI are independent risk factors for recurrence after radiofrequency ablation in patients with atrial fibrillation. The combined detection of these three parameters has higher predictive value for postoperative recurrence, providing a basis for clinical risk stratification and individualized intervention.