Exosomes are vesicles secreted by a variety of living cells, containing RNA, protein and other components. They play an important role in various physiological and pathological processes and tumor treatment by participating in the exchange of substances and information between cells. In cancer, exosomes may be involved in tumor growth and metastasis by modulating immune responses and promoting angiogenesis. Tumor-derived exosomes(TDEs) are actively produced and released by tumor cells and transmit information from tumor cells to normal or abnormal cells located near or far away. TDEs are involved in various processes of tumor metastasis and are potential markers for early detection of tumors. TDEs can promote tumor spread to other cells and activate signaling pathways in target cells, but the mechanisms involved are very complex. Based on this, this paper reviews the key roles of TDEs in the process of metastasis and the signaling pathways involved in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT).

Cardiac hypertrophy is the result of the adaptation of the heart to various damaging stimuli, and is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, which can eventually lead to heart failure, malignant arrhythmia, and sudden death. The pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy involves complex signaling pathway activation and pathological changes, which is not yet fully understood, and the clinical treatment effect is not ideal. Therefore, it is of great significance to clarify the pathological mechanism of cardiac hypertrophy and find new therapeutic targets. This article reviews the research progress of the molecular mechanism of pathological cardiac hypertrophy.

Pelvic lipodystrophy is an extremely rare disease of unknown etiology, and imaging is the most important diagnostic method. Its main manifestation is excessive growth of intraperitoneal fat in the pelvic cavity. The clinical manifestations depend on the location, degree and scope of fat accumulation in patients. The current treatment method is still inconclusive. With the continuous understanding and exploration of the disease, domestic and foreign research and case reports on pelvic lipodystrophy have increased year by year, and relevant studies have demonstrated more definite and effective diagnosis methods or treatment methods for relieving symptoms. This article reviews the relevant progress in the diagnosis and treatment of pelvic lipodysplasia in recent years, and provides a reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

The receptors for steroid hormones such as estrogen and androgen are widely distributed in the endometrium, which regulates the physiological functions of the endometrium and plays a role in pathological changes such as endometriosis and tumors. The aromatase and sulfatase required for estrogen synthesis have a huge impact on the function of the intima, and the expression characteristics of different types of estrogen receptors are different in time and space, which may mediate the vascular endothelial cells, immune cells, and epithelium in the intima respectively. and interstitial cells. Androgen receptors mainly regulate endometrial epithelial and stromal cell communication, menstrual endometrial repair, and cell proliferation. This article reviews the research progress on the effects of estrogen, androgen and their receptors on the endometrium, aiming to improve endometrial pathological changes, accelerate tissue repair, and block endometriosis and endometrial cancer. etc. provide new methods and drug targets.

Fetal lung adenocarcinoma(FLAC) is a rare lung tumor, accounting for 0.1% to 0.5% of lung cancers, so named because its pathological appearance resembles fetal lung. According to their differences in histopathological and clinical features, FLAC is divided into two types, low-grade(L-FLAC) and high-grade(H-FLAC), the most notable differences between the two are the formation of mulberries and the expression of β-catenin and P53 Features. In recent years, the discovery of new gene mutations in FLAC has made its definition and classification more controversial, and also opened up a new path for the diagnosis and treatment of FLAC. This article reviews the evolution of the definition of FLAC, histomorphology, immunohistochemistry, molecular genetics, clinical features, treatment and prognosis, and discusses its tissue origin and possible molecular mechanisms.