Sepsis is a clinically common and severe infectious disease characterized by a systemic inflammatory response syndrome. It has the potential to induce multiple organ dysfunction and may progress into life-threatening conditions. A frequent complication of sepsis is acute lung injury(ALI), which often advances to acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS). Due to their critical role in the immune system, macrophages have garnered increasing attention in clinical research. Macrophage polarization constitutes a complex regulatory network influenced by various signaling molecules, transcription factors, epigenetic modifications, and metabolic reprogramming. This review systematically examines the interplay between macrophage polarization and sepsis-induced acute lung injury, along with regulatory networks governing macrophage polarization—including epigenetic modifications, metabolic reprogramming, and mesenchymal stem cell interventions—while exploring their translational potential as therapeutic targets. The aim is to provide a robust theoretical foundation for targeting macrophages to ameliorate sepsis-associated ALI.

Acute pancreatitis in the elderly is a severe and complex disease, and accurate assessment of disease severity and prognosis is crucial for improving patient outcomes and survival rates. This review aims to explore recent advancements in the application of hematological indicators for evaluating acute pancreatitis in elderly patients. Traditional markers such as white blood cell count(WBC), C-reactive protein(CRP), and blood urea nitrogen(BUN) have certain value in assessment, but their sensitivity and specificity are limited in this population. Novel composite indices(e.g., NLR, PLR, SIRI) and molecular biomarkers(e.g., miRNA, lncRNA) have demonstrated significant potential. Integrating these indicators enables a more comprehensive evaluation of disease severity, facilitates early identification of high-risk patients, and supports optimization of treatment strategies. This review also discusses predictive models based on these novel markers and their implications for personalized medicine. Future research should further validate the clinical utility of these indicators to advance precise diagnosis and treatment of acute pancreatitis in the elderly.

Under the influence of factors such as extrusion and high-energy impact, soft tissues of extremities are susceptible to avulsion and contusion which easily cause ischemic necrosis of local tissues and lead to wound, increasing the difficulty of repair. At present, perforator flap [flap supplied by skin perforator vessels(small diameter)] transplantation is a new flap transplantation technique. With the continuous development of aesthetic repair, special-forms perforator flaps have been gradually applied in clinical practice, which not only increases the application of perforator flaps but also enriches the connotation of perforator flaps. Herein, relevant research was reviewed to clarify the application of special-form perforator flaps in repairing soft tissue defects in extremities.

Recurrent spontaneous abortion(RSA) seriously affects the reproductive health of childbearing couples. Its pathogenesis is complex, and some causes remain unclear to date. As important immune cells at the maternal-fetal interface, decidual macrophages play a crucial role in maintaining normal pregnancy. This article synthesizes the research findings in recent years and reviews the phenotypes, functions of decidual macrophages, and their relationship with RSA, aiming to provide a reference for a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of RSA and the exploration of new treatment strategies.