Cerebral infarction is a kind of nerve damage caused by insufficient blood supply to the brain, especially in the elderly, which seriously affects the quality of life and cognitive function of patients. Cognitive impairment not only affects their recovery process, but may lead to long-term life dependence and psychological distress. Therefore, it is particularly important to understand the related factors affecting cognitive impairment in elderly patients with cerebral infarction. Through the review of this topic, a scientific basis can be provided for clinical medical staff, so as to develop more effective interventions to help patients improve cognitive function and quality of life, thereby minimizing the negative impact of cerebral infarction on elderly patients.

Vascular cognitive impairment(VCI) is caused by cerebrovascular diseases, ranging from mild cognitive impairment to dementia. The preventable and treatable characteristics of VCI provide opportunities for effective treatment. Non-drug therapy plays an important role in the treatment of VCI and has gradually become a research hotspot. This paper reviews the research progress of non-drug intervention methods such as cognitive training, transcranial magnetic/electrical stimulation, acupuncture and moxibustion, hyperbaric oxygen, mindfulness meditation and aromatherapy on the improvement of VCI, and explores the possible intervention mechanisms of these methods, aiming to provide new ideas and methods for early prevention, treatment, and individualized intervention of VCI.

尿毒症是急慢性肾衰竭的晚期阶段，一般指慢性肾脏病4期和5期患者。血液透析是治疗尿毒症的主要手段，尽管透析技术不断进步，但其并发症仍对患者健康构成威胁，其中脑出血是一种较为严重的并发症，虽然其发生率相对较低，但常与极差的预后相关。文章系统综述了血液透析导致脑出血的发生机制、临床表现与诊断、治疗策略及其对患者预后的影响，为尿毒症患者血液透析并发脑出血的防治和临床管理提供参考。

Polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS), as a female endocrine disease with high heterogeneity in clinical practice, has a high prevalence at home and abroad. Ultrasound is currently the main imaging method for the diagnosis of PCOS. In addition to traditional two-dimensional ultrasound, new technologies such as three-dimensional ultrasound volume imaging, combined artificial intelligence(AI) algorithm, and ultrasound elastography have also been found to play an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of PCOS. This paper reviews the application value and new progress of ultrasound during diagnosis and treatment, aiming to provide useful reference for the follow-up guidance of PCOS diagnosis and treatment.